Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Essay

Throughout a nurse’s professional career, many difficult ethical and legal situations will arise. Since nurses are given the unique privilege of caring for patients and their families, it is important to uphold certain professional standards. The American Nursing Association (ANA) Code of Nursing Ethics provides a foundation on which a nurse should conduct her professional life. In addition to the Code of Ethics, nurses must also balance their personal values along with legal standards to make the best decisions for their patients. A nurse’s first priority is to the patient and providing safe and competent care. According to the ANA (2001), Provision 1 of the Code of Ethics states â€Å"The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.†(p.1) The nurse is bound by duty to respect the wishes of the patient and family in regards to end of life decisions. In the case of Marianne, a committee is forced to help a family make a difficult decision regarding the life of a loved one. Since the patient is unable to express her wishes and had no advance directive, the nurse has an obligation to ensure that the family is informed and knowledgeable on her care. The nurse needs to support the family in the decision-making process and refer the family to other resources to assist in the decision making process. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, such as consulting with an ethics committee, is one resource that is available to the family to assist in the decision-making process. In addition to difficult end of life decisions, the Code of Ethics can be used to guide decisions in cases of malpractice. Provision 3 states, â€Å" The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to  protect the health, safety, and rights of the patientâ⠂¬  (ANA, 2001). In other words, the Code of Ethics leads the nurse to address practice that is substandard and may jeopardize patient care. The nurse should follow policy and procedures of the facility to report such behavior, but if measures are not taken to ensure the integrity of nursing practice then the nurse may report to outside agencies, such as state departments. The nurse also has an obligation to ensure that the proper assistance or treatment is provided to assist in the impaired nurse’s recovery. While the Code of Ethics provides an important foundation on which to base behavior, any ethical decision involves an evaluation of one’s set of personal and societal values. According to Uustal (1993).â€Å"Nursing is a behavioral manifestation of the nurse’s value system. It is not merely a career, a job, an assignment: it is a ministry† (p.10). Nurses need to be aware of their beliefs so that they can recognize and accept that a patient may have different values and beliefs. The nurse needs to interact with the patient and the family in a nonjudgmental, caring way. The nurse needs to take care not to influence the patient in making choices based on her beliefs or what she believes is right. The nurse’s role is to be supportive to patients and their families in actions that are congruent with the code of ethics. Some conflicts that may compromise the nurse’s personal beliefs may include end of life decisions, abortions or refusal of medical treatment. For example, a nurse may support pro-life decision-making but is bound to respect the patient’s wishes if they seek a legal abortion. Furthermore, a nurse needs to honor a patient’s decision to forego treatment, even if the nurse believes that that treatment represents the best option for the patient. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303.html. Uustal, D. (1993). Clinical ethics and values:issues and insights in a changing healthcare environment. Educational Resources in Healthcare, 12 (2), 10.

Individual Strategic Plan: Conceptualizing a Business Essay

http://www.homeworkbasket.com/BUS-475/BUS-475-Week-2-Individual-Strategic-Plan,Part-I-Conceptualizing-a-Business Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you explain the importance of your selected business’s vision, mission, and values in determining your strategic direction. Please do not write about an existing business. Create a new business and include the following: Define your business, products or services, and customers by developing a mission statement. Ensure that you are differentiating your product or service. Create a vision for this organization that clearly demonstrates your decision on what you want your business to become in the future. Define your guiding principles or values for your selected business considering the topics of culture, social responsibility, and ethics. Analyze how the vision, mission, and values guide the organization’s strategic direction. Evaluate how the organization addresses customer needs and critique how they achieve competitive advantage. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. For More Homework Goto http://www.homeworkbasket.com

AirJet Best Parts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AirJet Best Parts - Coursework Example This increases your positive cash flows for the project and ultimately resulting in higher NPV. A company which opts for incremental method of depreciation will have higher cash flows in the initial years and it will reduce by the time it reaches its expiry. On the other hand, a company which opts for straight line method will have equal positive cash flows every year. Lastly, Depreciation of $10,000 per year, with an income tax of 40%, saves $4,000 and that amount is accounted as a positive cash flow. 5. Opportunity cost is the profit forgone by not investing in a particular opportunity. It is particularly pertinent to this project as the company may have other investment opportunities which they overruled for this particular investment. (Shim & Siegel, 2008)For example, if this money was not invested in the purchase of a machinery, it may have been deposited in a bank and earn a decent enough return without any substantial risk. Moreover, this could have been distributed among shar eholders as dividend or the money could have been used to purchase any other equipment with different set of anticipated cash flows. Therefore, the cost of not depositing that money in the bank or distributing as dividend or not purchasing any other equipment is the opportunity cost of the project. 6. ... Moreover, if interest rate rises than the cost of capital will increase which will eventually lead to lower returns. In addition to the above factors, if the cash flows are not the same as expected than the whole analysis would be redundant and may result in lower or higher returns. Lastly, we have assumed that the equipment stays in working condition for the time it is with us but this is not always true. Therefore, these factors should be accounted for before taking up the final decision. Task 5: Cost of Capital 1. a) Raytheon 20 yr bond from 1998-2018 of 6.4% coupon has a yield to maturity of 4.62%. (Morningstar, 2011) b) After tax cost of debt would be: c) There could be alternates to calculating cost of debt in this case. An approximate cost of capital can be found by adding up all the interest paid last year and divide that amount by debt outstanding. Another way could be adding all weighted debt cost to get an average cost of debt for the firm. d) Yield to maturity of a bond i s equivalent to the internal rate of return earned by an investor. It is an actual estimation of future return, as it is the rate at which coupon payments can be reinvested when received is unknown. It equips an investor to compare the merits of different investment. On the other hand coupon payment doesn’t account the element of required return in it. It is difficult to infer the cost-benefit balance by looking at the coupon payment. 2. a) Raytheon beta = 0.68 Boeing beta= 1.22 Lockheed Martin beta=1.01 (Yahoo Finance, 2011) Average Beta= 0.97 b) CAPM provides linear relationship between risks associated with the return. The systematic risk involved is taken into account to provide its required rate of return. However; its assumptions do not match

The Lack of an internal audit department in a company called Mawarid Research Paper

The Lack of an internal audit department in a company called Mawarid Islamic finance in the UAE - Research Paper Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper Mawarid Finance’s strategy focuses on supporting and developing the national economy through the provision of Islamic financial services and products for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which form the backbone of a nation’s economy, to enable them to develop, grow stronger and faster. The organization specializes in developing Shariah complaint economical or financial services. It provides eMurabaha that allows its clients to buy the goods offline or online; financing for the purchase of the items; letter of guarantee covering bib; online labor guarantees, and advance payment bonds, together with guarantees for the retention monies, customs duty, labor, home financing, maintenance. Moreover, it offers vehicle and property financing for people, and different services to the corporate sector, which include working capital, assets, deposits, trading activities and financing projects. Mawarid Finance is the only UAEà ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial institution that is absolutely independent. However, in an attempt to ensuring that it hands itself operational independence, we find that the distribution of its shares has been done across over three hundred and fifty shareholders, whereby organizations or even companies own less than five percent each of the capital there is no stake of an individual shareholder that is more than two and half percent. (English 54). Problem Statement: Lack of internal auditors has appeared as one of the fundamental factors that have led to misappropriation of funds in several companies and organizations. That is why several companies and organizations have adopted it to help in bringing accountability, so that each money spent can be accounted for. Background and Significance: Internal auditors play a very crucial role in the corporate governance of their organizations, financial reporting processes, analysis of risk management and internal control structure. During the last dec ade, they actively offered management with assurance and consulting services to help in conformity with the laws like the 2002 U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley. The internal audit resources have also seen expansion for the purposes of satisfying the increasing demand for the services to facilitate financial report and internal control’s executive certifications. In the future years, it might be expected of the internal auditors to broaden their role to responsibilities such as the improvement of risk management, reduction of organizational costs and complexity, and participation in the development of governance and strategic processes. For instance, the rules of Proxy Disclosure Enhancements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to reveal their governance measures, which include the structure of their board, the board’s supervision of risk management as well as its relationship with the executive practices and policies of compensation. The new proxy rules will act ually exert pressure or compel the boards to show their role in the supervision of risk management, and further, this presents both opportunities and challenges for the CAEs (chief audit executives) and their

TESCO and the JIT Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

TESCO and the JIT Philosophy - Essay Example While it is not clear which supermarket pioneered this revolutionary supply chain model, which is now adopted by many in the industry and is considered as a standard of best practice, many attribute it to Tesco’s reforms set up late in the 1990s. This is a report on Tesco’s supply chain management practices, which is recognized to be designed after Toyota’s â€Å"just in time† (JIT) model. Specifically, this report will compare JIT principles to Tesco’s business practices and assess the latter’s efficacy in the navigation of the challenges Tesco faces amidst the internationalization of both suppliers and its market. II. Relevant Operational Theories and Principles Supply Chain Management Fundamentally, supply chain management is the framework by which processes, structures, managements elements in the value chain is integrated and coordinated. It is crucial in the drive for competitive advantage and concerns the alignment of management practices into what the requirements of the customers. Seuring (2003) outlined the basic characteristics of the concept: †¢ Supply chain management is primarily an integration-oriented logistics management concept, characterized by the strategic, cooperation-oriented and interorganizational initiatives; †¢ The task of the concept is to manage the supplier-buyer relationships, particularly streamlining the complex chain and network involved; The goal is to align all activities to satisfy the requirements and needs of customers and reduce costs and enable the organization to take advantage of opportunities; The focus is to realize efficiencies and the expansion of covered activities beyond logistics, including management components and information flows among the supply chain partners. (p169-168) Lambert was able to depict the framework in the following model: Supply Management Framework (Lambert, 2000, p70) SCM Tools Supply chain management tools are essentially systems and solutions that are designed to enhance it so that the processes produce value for customers either in facilitating, integrating, coordinating, controlling, optimizing and so forth. An excellent example is technology. Through this tool, SCM is able to automate order processing, warehousing, among other stages in the value chain and make centralization possible and more efficient. Tesco’s continuous replenishment system is a specific example. Th en, there is also the so-called electronic data interchange

Social Context Account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social Context Account - Essay Example Precisely speaking, we belong to the middle class; my father has a lucrative business. Despite the lucrative business that my father owned, I cannot categorically say that life was all rosy. There were tough times; the gambling took the better part of my father’s earnings to an extent that there was nothing left to fend for the family. The worst time came about when we lost our house and were forced to live in deplorable condition. I was brought up in Muslim family and therefore, at a tender age, I was exposed to Sharia virtues, which natured in me a variety of admirable core values. First, I am a staunch believer in the existence of Allah the father. This is my major core value and in my everyday life, I strive to live in accordance with the Koran doctrines. According to Achard (1993, pp. 103) â€Å"Core values are those fundamental beliefs that define how one conducts themselves." Core values, therefore, dictates and presents a guiding principle on one's action in the cours e of undertaking his daily activity. On a personal note, I believe I have core values that define my actions and decisions. Additionally, I belief that honesty is an integral value that everyone should possess as it makes one to earn trust among peers or colleagues. I always ensure that I speak the truth to my parent’s peers and colleagues, and this has enabled me to have a cozy relationship with everyone I interact with on various subjects. Kongstvedt (2006) avers that values play a great role to individuals as it dictates their decisions and actions from time, especially at the workplace. One notable role that values play in individual’s life is that it gives people purpose. When your values are clearly defined, you are less likely to drift and in all cases, you make decisions based on internal reflection. Lack of values makes life to lack direction and therefore, individuals will make decisions based on pressures and circumstances without deep reflection. Having cor e values restores purpose to life and provides direction on how one handle work-related challenges. When your core values are well cut out for you, all your decisions will be constituent with your core values. On the other hand, lack of apparent core values makes individuals to make decisions that they later on regret about and, which can even compromise on service delivery at the workplace (Archard, 2003). Core value also plays the role of making one to have confidence in one’s own ability. When you know your core values you gather courage because the decisions you make and your actions are based on the values you hold dear. Aries (2002) says that commitment to ones values give one the audacity to face job-related challenges head on because one belief in his own ability. Lastly, core values make life simple; one never debates on his decisions and actions they simply reflect if such actions align with their core values, which they hold dear. Core values offer an internal comp ass on how to handle the situation at the workplace during a crisis. Family is an important social unit that defines our roots. I am always committed to my family; I respect and am obedient to my parents, and I relate well with all my siblings. I subscribe to the adage ‘everything might change us, but we start and end with family’. My parents were a bit strict and my mother, in particular, has never allowed me to socialize with boys. My mother was very possessive she loved us so much and

Unionization in the United States Research Paper

Unionization in the United States - Research Paper Example The most vibrant unions in the United States are usually among the public sector workers including doctors, teachers, police etc. They often targets on issues relating to the agreement and right on wages and increment on wages or if management tends to violate the laws and agreement on the rights of employees according to the contract. History of unionization in the United States: As the United States very rapidly developed various inventions and innovations, so it developed quite fast. Soon the State had been converted from a mere agricultural to a big industrial state. This change in the United States awakened the need for more and more laborers to handle the industries. these laborers were those people who were usually looked down upon in the society and the strong and powerful employers would advantage from the condition of the poor laborers and therefore, would mistreat them and take extra work, beyond their physical capabilities. Therefore, this is how the labor unions started to form so as to stand against the management to give the required right of the co-worker. Moreover, there even was a wage-bargain issue and above all, the major issue which was considered by workers at that time was the prolonged work hours which would result in workers making endless and extremely tiring efforts. The labor unions in the United States started as a protest against the long working hours. The working hours would not at all be convenient and hence this fact was realized in the 19th century and a step towards a protest was taken in the 1820s. During this period, the workers combined together to form a team to reduce the work hours from 12 hours to 10 working hours. Legislation to these workers was granted in 1837. Formation of the first labor union in the United States: According to the Illinois labor History society, after imposing this law, even then the employers would take extra work and wrong advantage of their desperate workers. The workers were poor and quite weak in power as compared to their highly strengthened employers. They realized they could not do anything alone. Therefore the minor labor unions of small cities decided to combine with the labor unions of other cities as well and form a large labor union. This is how the first labor union came into being in 1886. The first labor union was named as the â€Å"National Labor Union† (NLU). Formation of other labor unions in the United States: The working hours had now been reduced to 10 hours from 12 hours. Even this decrease was not enough for them, so, in 1886, the Nation Labor Union campaigned to reduce the work hours to a more convenient, manageable and less tiring 8 work hours. Then onwards, now labor groups started to fo rm in that era. These new labor unions included: â€Å"Knights of Labor†. â€Å"American Federation of Labor† (AFL). The founder of American federation labor was Samuel Gompers. Devaluation of the labor unions and their protest against it: As the Industrial Revolution came into soaring mechanism, the requirement for laborers once more amplified. This period was also noticeable by mass colonization numbers, which enlarged the number of laborers in the labor group. This also caused the value of the individual worker to diminish. This was due to some of the laborers, who were unskilled or not deserving were allowed to be replaced by the hard working and the